NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
NHUNG VAN DE DAT RA IRONG CONG TAC THI HANH AN DAN SU, KINH DOANH THUONG MAI
m
TlTOfNG DUY LirONG*
T6m tat: Hi^n nay, vi^c nSng cao h i | u qua cong tac thi h^nh dn dan SV, kinh doanh thirvng mai ia yeu cau cap t h i e t Bai viet n^y, tdc gia ph3n tich quy dinh cua phap ludt \k thi hanh an dan sy, kinh doanh thuong mai, cdc dang sai s6t ngMSm trong v^ to tung trong ban dn, quy^t dinh ddn su-, Idnh t^ co hi^u l\rc phdp ludt. Tw d6, tdc gid d^ xu^t, ki^n nghi m$t s6 gidi phdp nham ndng cao hi^u qud cdng tdc thi hdnh cdc phan quyet xuat phdt tir cac tranh chSp ddn sir, Idnh doanh thuong m^i.
Tie khda: Tranh chdp ddn stf, kinh doanh thuang mgi; thi hdnh dn ddn su, kinh doanh thuong mgi.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 13/11/2018; ngdy biin tap xong: 20/11/2018; ngdy duyet bdi:
23/11/2018.
1. Q u y dinh cua p h d p ludt v^ cdng tac thi h a n h dn ddn sir, kinh d o a n h t h m m g m^i
Trong mpt thai gian dai, khi nen kinh tk con van hanh theo c a che tap trung, quan lieu, bao cap thi giao dich dan sir, kinh te khdng CO c a hpi phat trien. Giao dich chi nham dap ung nhu cau tieu dirng hang ngay la chu yeu, cdc giao dich kinh te chi la cac giao dich ma chu the la cac doanh nghi|p nha nuac thyc hi?n v i | c san xuat, phan phoi theo chi tieu, ke hoach kho cumg, phan nhi^u bi di6u tidt bai m | n h lenh hanh chinh
han la mang ban chat cua giao dich kinh te thdng thuang va cung it khi xay ra tranh chap. Truong hgp c6 tranh chap cung khdng dugc giai quyet boi ca quan tu phap, ma dugc giai quyet duoi hinh thiic phi tai phan bai c a quan trgng tai nha nuac, voi hinh thuc hda giai la chinh. Do do, khdng xuat hien yeu cau thi hanh cac quyet dinh ciia Trong tai nha nuac nhu thii tuc thi hanh ban an, quyet dinh cua Tda an thdi ky do.
*Lu$t sw, Hoa giai vien, Trgng tii viin Trung tim trgng tii quoc te Viit Nam (VIAC).
^ Tap chi I Sd23(thang12/2(n8)^KJEM SAT 3
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
Nhung tu sau khi ddi mdi, vdi ndn kinh te nhieu thanh phan din dugc hinh thanh thi cac giao dich dSn su, kinh te khdng ngung tang theo ty If thuan vai su phat trien, hpi nhap kinh td cua ddt nuac. Dge biet, vao nhiing thdi diem ma kinh te the giai cd bien ddng da tac ddng tieu cue tdi nen kinh te thi tranh chap tang vpt.
D§ dap ling yeu cau cua thi^c tien giai quyet tranh chip dan su, kinh td, ngay 01/7/1994, Tda kinh td dugc thanh lap trong he thdng Tda an de giai quydt cac tranh chdp kinh doanh thuang mai, day cung la thdi diem c a quan trpng tai nha nude dugc sap nhap vao he thdng ca quan tu phap. Dac biet la sau khi nha nuac tham gia vao nhidu td chiic kinh te the gidi, lam cho ndn kinh td Vi$t Nam hgi nheip sau, rgng vao nen kinh te the giai thi khdng chi cd cac doanh nghiep trong nude ma xuat hien ngay cang nhieu td chuc kinh te la phap nhan Viet Nam nhung do thuang nhan nude ngoai dau tu va cac doanh nghifp nude ngoai (van giG tu each phap ly la phap nhan nuac ngoai) true tiep dau tu vao Viet Nam hoac giao dich vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam va cac giao dich do doanh nghiep Vi?t Nam dau tu, ky kdt voi doanh nghiep nude ngoai tang len hang ngay. Tir do, lam cho cac giao dich dan su, kinh te dien ra phong phu, da dang vai sd luang ngay cang nhidu va viec xung dot Igi ich giua cac doanh nghiep dan den tranh ch4p la dieu khdng tranh khdi. Hinh thiic giai quyet tranh chap cung da dang han, dieu dd cung cd nghia thay vi ca quan Thi hanh an chi thi hanh phan quyet cua Tda an nhu trudc day, ngay nay, ca quan Thi hanh an cdn phai thi hanh cac ban an, quydt dinh ve dan su ciia Tda an nude
ngoai, dac biet la cac phan quyet cua Trgng tai nude ngoai dugc co quan tu phap Viet Nam cdng nhan va cho thi hanh t^i Viet Nam, cimg vdi do, cac phdn quydt ciia Trpng tai trong nude cung tang len hdng nam. Thdi gian tdi, ca quan Thi hanh an se cdn phai thi hanh ket qua hda giai thanh tranh chap thuang mai, mpt hinh thiic giai quydt tranh chap ngoai Tda an theo Nghi dinh sd 22/2017/ND-CP ngay 24/2/2017 (Nghi dinh sd 22) ciia Chinh phu vd hda giai thuang mai, dupe cdng nhan tiieo thu tuc td tung dan su... Vi the, sd lugng phan quydt dudi hinh thiic tai phan cdng hoac tai phan tu, ket qua hda giai thanh tranh chap dan sy ndi chung va tranh chip thuang mai theo Nghi dinh sd 22 ma co quan Thi hanh an se tidp nhan td ehiic thi hanh ngay mdt nhieu han la mdt xu hudng tdt ydu, t^o ra ap luc khdng he nhd cho ca quan Thi hanh an trong vifc thi hanh an dan su ndi chung, an kinh doanh thuang mai ndi ridng va do cung 1^ mpt thach thiic ma ca quan Thi hanh an phai vugt qua mdi cd thd gdp phan tich cue, thiic day nen kinh te Vipt Nam chu ddng trong hdi nhap, phat trien.
Chung ta ddu bidt, dd mdt nen kinh te, mdt doanh nghi|p van hanh, phat trien tdt thi can rat nhidu yeu to tir vi md la dudng ldi, chinh sach, c a ehd vdi he th6ng cac quy dinh cua phap luat phu hop vdi su phat trien cua nen kinh td, phu hgp vdi tien trinh hdi nhap, ciing vdi su didu hanh khoa hpc, hgp iy cua Chinh phii; dudng hudng hoat dpng tai phan bao dam s^ khach quan, minh bach, cdng bSng, binh dang giira cac chu thd, cac doanh nghifp; s\r hoat dgng hieu qua ciia cac c a quan quan ly nha nude 6 trung u a n g . . . cho ddn cac
Tap chi
KIEM SAT_ /So 23 (thang 12^18)
NGHIEN CUV - TMO DOI
ydu td vi md la su td chiic hoat ddng ciia mdi doanh nghidp, vide thuc hien cua cac CO quan chuyen mdn, ciia chinh quydn dia phuang trong viec hidn thuc hoa dudng ldi, chmh sach, phap luat; viec giai quydt cac vu vide tranh chap cu thd diing vdi quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam va phap luat qudc td ma Vidt Nam da tham gia, ky ket... Chi khi ca hp thdng dugc van hanh nhip nhang, thdng nhdt, tit ca tao ndn mdi trudng thudn Igi cho hoat dgng kinh doanh, trong do cd vai trd quan trpng cua c a quan Thi hanh an dan su thi mdi tao ra dugc nhung ddng l\rc manh me cho sir phat trien.
Trong mpt the gidi phdng, thdng tin nhanh nhay, da chieu, du dudng ldi, chinh sach, ca che cd thdng thoang ma hoat ddng tai phan tieu tdn nhieu thdi gian va chi phi, khdng bao dam cdng bang, minh bach;
vide thi hanh phan quyet eham trd, keo dai khong hidu qua thi cac nha dau tu nude ngoai se e ngai hgp tac vdi Viet Nam, nen kinh te khdng thd phat trien neu thieu vang su tin cay giira cac nude vdi Viet Nam, giua cae doanh nghiep trong nude vdi nhau, giua doanh nghiep trong nude vdi doanh nghiep nude ngoai. Didu do dat ra cho cac c a quan tai phan Viet Nam, ca quan Thi hanh an dan su, trong do cd vide thi hanh loai an kinh doanh thuang mai, phai nd luc rdt nhieu, gop phan tao nen mpt mdi trudng kinh doanh lanh manh.
Hoat ddng cua eg quan tai phan, hoat ddng thi hanh an dan sir ndi chung, an kinh doanh thuang mai ndi rieng la mdt thanh td quan trpng trong chi sd thuc thi hgp ddng va chi sd nay cung chinh la mdt trong hon 10 chi sd do ludng miic dp canh tranh ciia ndn kinh td Vi?t Nam. Bang nghi quydt
ciia Chinh phu vd nhimg nhi?m vu, giai phap chu ydu cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh, nang cao nang luc canh tranh qudc gia duae ban hanh hang nam, Chinh phii the hien rd quyet tam, da va dang khdng ngirng no lue cai thien cac chi sd ndi tren de tao ra mdt mdi trudng kinh doanh nang dpng, binh dang, hieu qua, thu hiit cac nha dau tu trong nude va nude ngodi.
Vi vay, cd dugc mgt phan quyet cdng bang, bao ve dupe quyen, Igi ich chinh dang cua cac ben trong quan he tranh chap da khd va vd cung can thidt, thupc trach nhiem ciia co quan tai phan cdng hoac tai phan tu. Nhung can phai thay phan quydt ciia Tda an, ciia Trgng tai khdng phai la muc tieu eudi cung ma cac thuang nhan theo dudi khi cd tranh chap. Dii phdn quyet cd diing dan, chinh xae nhung neu nd khdng dugc thi hdnh nhanh chdng, hieu qua thi phan quyet ciing khdng phat huy tac dung, dat ra mdt dau hdi ldn ve cdng ly, ma ngudi phai tra ldi trudc tidn, true tiep la CO quan Thi hanh an, nhirng Chdp hanh vien. Cd the khdng qua ldi khi cho rang, khi xet xir xong, cdc duong sy dii la ca nhan hay doanh nghiep mdi di dugc gia mia chang dudng cdng ly, phdn cdn lai dang ehd dgi co quan Thi hanh an. Khi cdng ly da ldn tieng thi cdng ly phai dugc thuc thi nhanh chdng, hieu qua, it tdn kem nhdt ed the, khi do edng ly mdi hidn hihi trong hien thyc va trong long ngudi dan va doanh nghiep. Didu dd cho thdy, cdng tac thi hanh an dan sy dugc td chiic, thyc hidn tdt, hieu qua cd tdm quan trpng rdt ldn trong mdt nhd nude phap quydn ndi chung, trong viec gdp phdn giam cac chi sd thyc thi hgp ddng ndi rieng, nang cao nang lyc canh tranh cua ndn kinh td, tao mdi trudng
Sd 23 (thang 12/2018)\
Tap chi _.KIEMSAT I 5
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
thudn lpi cho doanh nghiep hoat ddng. Vi vay, vipc tim kidm gidi phap nham ndng cao hieu qud cdng tac thi hanh dn dan sy la mpt ydu cau khach quan, ddi hdi phdi nghien ciiu, khao sat d nhieu gdc dp, trong do, lam rd nhiing khd khan, vudng mac, trd ngai khi thi hdnh an la mdt phan trong tidn trinh nghien ciiu, nham dua ra giai phdp phu hgp.
Cd the thdy, neu khdng cd ban an, quydt dinh, phan quyet ed hieu lyc thi ciing khdng cd vide thi hdnh ban an, quyet dinh, phan quydt do. Nhung khdng phai cii cd bdn an, quydt dinh, phdn quydt ed hidu lyc la phat sinh vide thi hanh an. Theo quy dinh tai Didu 36 Ludt thi hanh an ddn sy nam 2008 thi co quan Thi hanh dn chi thi hanh ban an khi ngudi dupe thi hdnh an cd don yeu cau thi hanh an, trir cdc trudng hgp ca quan Thi hanh dn phdi ehu dgng ra quydt dinh thi hanh an. Ddi vdi ban an, quydt dinh, phdn quydt thugc chi sd thuc thi hgp ddng thi hau het thupc trudng hgp cd yeu cdu thi hanh an thi ca quan Thi hdnh an mdi phdi thi hanh. Nhu vgy, khi da cd bdn dn, quydt dinh, phan quyet cd hieu lyc phdp ludt, vide thi hdnh dn nhanh hay ehdm trudc tidn phy thupc vao 03 chu the, dd la: Ngudi dugc thi hdnh an, ngudi phai thi hanh an va co quan Thi hanh an.
Khi nhan dugc don yeu eau thi hanh dn, theo le thudng, ea quan Thi hdnh an co tham quydn phai td chiic thi hanh ban an.
Tuy nhidn, cd nhidu yeu td lam cho viec thi hdnh an tien trien cham chap, tham chi khdng hidu qua bdi nguyen nhan khach quan, ehu quan. Trong thyc td, khi td chirc thi hanh dn cd the se xuat hien trudng hgp ben phai thi hanh an dang khieu nai theo trinh ty gidm dde tham, de nghj ca quan
Thi hanh an dung vide thi hanh dn. Gap trudng hop nay, cd c a quan Thi hanh an dd dang chap nhdn yeu cdu cua duong sy, dii chua xem xet ky, thdm chi, eo truang hgp edn cd van ban kien nghi gidm dde thdm vdi ndi dung tuang ty nhu ngi dung don dd nghi giam ddc thdm ciia duang su, trong khi vd thuc chat, bdn an, quyet djnh do khdng cd sai 1dm. Cung cd trudng hgp, dii khdng cd don ydu cau giam ddc tham cua duong sy nhung c a quan Thi hdnh an cd van ban kien nghi giam dde tham vi cho rdng ban an, quyet dinh cd sai 1dm, nhung sau do, CO quan ed thdm quydn tra ldi khdng cd can cii khang nghi gidm doc thdm, ddn den keo dai vide thi hanh an.
Tuy khdng phai phd bien nhung ed trudng hgp ban an, quydt dinh cd sai sdt nhd ve dien dat, khdng den ndi khd hieu, hoac cd the hidu khde ndi dung quyet dinh nhung Chap hdnh vien ciing cd van bdn yeu cdu gidi thich ban an, cdn Tham phan cho rang quydt dinh da ro, khdng can gidi thich nao khac, yeu cau thi hdnh diing quyet dinh cua bdn an, sau do, vide thi hanh da dien ra bmh thudng, khdng cd gi vudng mac. Ben eanh do, cd trudng hop dii ban an, quyet dinh ve thuc chat khdng cd sai lam nghiem trpng, nhung lai Id vy vide cd npi dung, tinh chat phiic t£ip, don vi xir ly dan giam ddc t h a n cdn dang trong qua trinh thdm tra, xem xet bao cdo ngudi ed tham quyen, chua cd ket luan bdn dn, quydt dinh do diing sai thd nao thi ca quan Thi hanh an cd quydt djnh cudng ehd thi hdnh an, duang sy cd don yeu cdu hoan thi hanh an.
Trong trudng hgp nay, ngudi ed thdm quydn phai cd van bdn ydu cdu hoan thi hanh an, co quan Thi hdnh an ra quyet dinh tam hoan thi hanh an, sau dd mgt thdi gian.
I Tap chi
6 i KIEM SAT _ /So 23 (thang 12^18)
NCHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
Tda dn mdi cd van bdn tra ldi dn xu dimg, viec thi hdnh dn mdi trien khai lai, eiing la mdt trong sd nhiing ydu td thugc vd chu quan anh hudng den hieu qud thi hanh an.
2. Cdc d^ng sai sdt nghiem trong trong ban dn, quyet dinh ddn su, kinh t l c6 hifu lire phap luat
Qua thye tidn cd the thay, dii ban an, quydt dinh cd hieu lyc phdp ludt nhimg khdng phai cac bdn an, quydt dinh do deu todn bich, ma cdn cd mpt sd lugng nhdt dinh nhirng ban an, quydt dinh chiia dung ngi dung sai 1dm ldn hoac nhd. Trong so dd, chi cd mot ty le rat nhd ban an, quydt dinh cd hieu lue phap ludt pham sai lam nghidm trgng la cd dnh hudng tryc tiep den boat dpng thi hdnh dn khi cd duang sy ydu cdu giam ddc tham. Cac ban an do cd trudng hgp da dugc dua ra thi hdnh hoac ngudi cd quyen thi hanh an ehua ydu cau thi hdnh dn, nhung co quan gidm ddc tham dang xem xet theo thu tuc gidm ddc thdm theo ydu cau cua ben phdi thi hdnh an.
Cac sai sdt nghiem trgng trong cac ban an, quyet dinh cd hieu lyc phap luat thude hai dang ca ban nhu sau:
Mgt Id, ede sai sdt nghiem trpng vd td tung dugc bieu hien cu the dudi ede hinh thiie sau:
Ca quan tdi phan khdng bao dam quyen tham gia td tung, tham gia phien tda cua duong sy. Duang su cd quyen tham gia trong mgi giai doan td tung, tham gia phien tda nham bao ve quydn Igi chinh dang cua minh, bac bd ydu cau khdng hgp phdp ciia phia ben kia. Chi khi Tda an trieu tap hgp Id den ldn thii hai md duang sy, ngudi dai dien, ngudi bao ve quydn va Igi ich hgp phap cua duong su vdn vang mat khdng phai do sy kidn bat kha khang hoac
trd ngai khaeh quan thi mdi dugc coi la duong su tu tCr chdi quydn td tung cua minh, ndu la hi dan duge trieu tdp hop Id den phidn tda ma vang mat ho^e cd can cii cd tinh gidu dia chi mdi dugc xet xd vdng mat... Tda an chua thue hien dung quy dinh cua Bg luat Td tung dan sy (BLTTDS) nam 2015 ma da xet xu vdng mat hoac dinh ehi giai quyet vy dn la vi pham nghidm trpng thu tyc td tung, ban an cd hieu iyc do se bi khang nghi, ddn den cham dut vide thi hanh bdn an do.
- Bd sot ngudi tham gia td tung, do la bd sdt ngudi ed quydn lpi, nghia vu lien quan. Thdng thudng, kem theo sai sdt nay la sai sdt vd dudng ldi gidi quyet vu an, khdng bdo dam quyen Igi chinh ddng eua hp.
- Thu thap tai lieu, chiing cii chua day du ddn den quydt dinh thieu can cii (ehua thu thdp dli tdi lieu, chua dinh gid, giam dinh theo yeu cdu hoac qua trinh dinh gia, giam dinh cd nhiing vi pham nghiem trgng nhung Hdi ddng xet xir vdn Idy ket qud dinh gid, giam dinh do lam can cii cho phan quyet cua minh...).
- Quydt dinh ghi khdng ddy dii, khdng dung thda thudn eiia duong sy hoac thda thudn cua duang su trong vu dn (ddng y giao tdi sdn cho mot ben, tir chdi nhan di sdn...) nham trdn tranh nghia vu vdi ngudi khde; trong ngi dung thda thuan ed ndi dung xii ly tai san bdo dam ed Iidn quan den quydn Igi cua ngudi thii ba, hoac giao dich bdo dam vd hieu cung dugc Tda an cdng nhan.
- Sai 1dm trong xae dinh thdm quydn gidi quyet tranh chdp, nhu loai viec thugc thdm quydn xu ly cua Trpng tai nhung Toa an lai thu ly giai quyet (cac vu vide kinh
Sd 23 (thang 1ZM18)\
Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 7
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
doanh thuang mai ma cac ben cd thda thudn Trpng tai trudc, sau khi cd tranh chdp hoac cd thda thudn trong qua trinh giai quyet tranh chdp ma Tda an van giai quyet) la vi pham nghiem trpng ve thdm quyen giai quyet tranh chdp.
- Thanh phdn Hdi dong xet xir vi phgm nghiem trpng quy dinh BLTTDS nam 2015, nhu cd thdnh vien da tham gia giai quydt theo thu tuc so tham, phiic thdm, gidm ddc tham hoac tdi tham vu vide ddn sy dd va da ra ban an, quyet dinh so thdm;
bdn dn, quydt dinh phiic thdm; quyet dinh giam ddc thdm hoac tai tham..., trir trudng hop la thanh vien cua Hdi ddng Thdm phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao, Uy ban Thdm phan Tda an nhan dan cap cao thi vdn dupe tham gia giai quyet vu vide do theo thii tuc gidm doe tham, tdi tham; da Id ngudi tidn hanh td tung trong vy viec dd vdi tu cdch Id Thdm tra vien, Thu ky Tda dn, Kiem sat vien, Kiem tra vien, hoac Cling trong Hdi ddng xet xu va la ngudi than thich vdi nhau.
Trong cdc sai sdt ve td timg ndi tren, qua thuc tien cho thdy, loai sai sdt do thu thdp, kiem tra, ddnh gia tai lieu, ehiing cii chua ehinh xdc, chua ddy dii chiem tir 20%
ddn tren 30% sd vy vipc bi khdng nghi; bd sdt ngudi tham gia td tyng trong vu an, khdng bdo dam quyen tham gia td tung ciia duong su la nhung sai sdt cd tinh phd bien.
Hai Id, sai sdt nghiem trpng ve dp dung phap ludt, dudng ldi giai quyet vu an. Sai sdt nay thudng rat da dang, phdn anh dac thu ciia timg loai quan he tranh chdp, cd the liet ke mgt sd loai sai sdt cua cac loai quan hp phap ludt cd tranh chap nhu sau:
- Trong quan he thira ke, viee xae dinh di san khdng day dii, phdn chia di san, nhat
Id phdn chia bdng hidn vat khdng dimg, khdng hgp ly; xdc dinh di chiic hgp phap hoac khdng hgp phdp khong dimg; xdc dinh da hdt hoac chua hdt thdi hipu thira ke khdng phu hap quy dinh cua phap lugt;
khdng ddnh gid dung nhung trudng hgp di san da chuydn hda thanh tdi san chung;
khdng gidi quydt hoac giai quydt khdng dung cac quan hp lien quan trong thira kd nhu cdng siic bdo quan di san, cac hgp ddng chuydn nhugng di sdn eua mpt vai thua ke.
- Trong quan he hgp ddng ndi chung, hgp ddng thuang mai ndi rieng thi vi?c xdc dinh hgp ddng vd hidu toan bd, vd hidu mdt phdn hoac khdng vd hieu chua chinh xae. Khi tuydn bd hap ddng vd hi§u, khdng gidi quydt hdu qua hgp ddng vd hieu hoac giai quydt hgu qua hgp ddng vd hieu khdng phii hgp phdp ludt. Ddi vdi trudng hgp tranh chdp quydn, nghia vu trong hgp ddng, chua lam ro, hoac danh gid khdng diing miie dp vi pham cua mdi ben, chua 1dm ro cdc khodn thiet hai do vi pham hgp ddng (bao gdm thipt hai tryc tiep va thiet hai gian tiep, phan thu nhap khdng thu dupe... do bi vi pham hgp ddng), xdc dinh ldi eua mdi ben trong viec thyc hien hgp ddng chua diing...
- Trong quan he vay ng ma tai lidu do cac bdn cung cdp, Tda dn thu thap mau thuan vdi nhau thi sai sdt trong cae phan quydt thudng la xdc dinh chua diing khoan ng (ng gdc va ng lai), nhdt la nhiing vy cho vay ed miic lai suit vugt qua so vdi quy dinh cua phdp luat thi nhidu trudng hgp da xdc dinh sai lai suat ma hai ben da thda thuan thuc hien tren thyc td; xdc dinh sai sd ng gdc, ng lai da thanh toan; trong sd tai san cdn np da xdc dinh sai sd ng gdc, sd ng lai.
I Tap chi
8 I (GEM S.4T_ /Sd23{thangl2/Z018)
NGHIEN CliV - TRAO DOI
Ciing cd trudng hop ben canh hgp ddng vay ng, cdc bdn cdn ky hgp ddng chuydn nhugng bit ddng san, khi tranh chdp, ben vay khai rang, thyc chdt khdng cd viec chuyen nhugng bat ddng sdn ma do la yeu cdu ciia ben cho vay, ddi hdi phdi ky hgp ddng chuyen nhuong bit dgng sdn thi mdi cho vay, chir khdng cd su vide nhan tidn chuydn nhugng bat dpng sdn. Khi xet xu, Hgi ddng xet xu khdng lam ro cae tinh tiet ben vay neu ra (khong yeu cdu cdc bdn cung cap dii tai lieu, chiing cii hoac khdng kidm tra, khdng ddnh gid diing gia tri chiing minh ciia ede tdi lieu da cd...), ma chi dan thudn can cu vdo cac hgp ddng dd giai quydt, dan den khdng danh gia diing ban chat quan he tranh chap, khdng bdo vp dugc ngudi ydu thd. Nhixng trudng hop nay, du bdn an da duoc thi hanh thi viec khdng nghi la khd tranh khdi, nhat la khi hop ddng chuyen nhugng quyen sir dyng ddt, sd huu nhd d la gid tao.
- Cd sai sdt ldn vd dien tich, sd do, mdc gidi nha dat hoac tai san tren dat do nhimg ndi dung ghi tren ban an chi dya tren thdng tin trong hgp ddng bdo ddm (cam cd, the chap, bdo lanh...) ma chua kiem tra thuc td, ndn khi thi hdnh an da bde Id dp veiih ve thdng tin, sd lieu, ddn den chua phdn dinh rd phdn quyen sd hiru tai sdn, quydn sii dung ddt ciia ngudi phai thi hdnh an trong khdi tai san chung...
- Khdng ddnh gia diing tmh hgp phap hoac khdng hgp phap cua giao dich bdo ddm; xdc dinh trach nhiem ciia ben bdo ddm khdng diing, nhu budc ben bao dam phdi chiu trdch nhiem vupt qua gidi han bao dam. Vi dy: Trong mdt vy tranh chap, tai Didu 2 Hop ddng bao dam da ghi rd:
Pham vi bdo lanh khdng vugt qua 73.160.000.000 ddng. Tuy nhidn, ngay 07/10/2016, Tda an nhan ddn tinh P da dua vy an ra xet xir cdng khai va ra Ban dn sd 01/2016/KDTM-ST lai quydt dinh:
"Budc cdng ty trach nhiem huu han X trd cho ngdn hang thuang mai c6 phdn S sd tien gdc va lai den ngdy 05/10/2016 la 287.461.971.981 ddng (hai tram tam mucri bdy ty, bdn tram sau muai mdt trieu, chin tram bay muoi mdt ngdn, chin tram tdm muoi mdt ddng) (trong do ng gde la 89.597.696.573 ddng vd ng lai trong hgn la 52.984.086.579 ddng, np lai qua ban la 144.880.188.829 ddng), kd tir ngdy 06/10/2016, cdng ty X edn phai trd tidn lai phat sinh tren sd tien ng gdc chua thanh toan theo lai sudt tai cdc hgp ddng tin dyng hai ben da ky kdt, cho ddn khi thanh toan xong ng vay"; "ke tir ngay nguydn dan ed don yeu cau thi hanh an ma cdng ty X khdng thyc hien day du nghia vu thanh todn thi ngdn hang S duge quydn ydu cdu phdt mai tai san the chdp theo Hgp ddng thd chip sd 58/HDBD-2009 ngay 29/04/2009, da dupe dang ky thd chap tgi Phdng Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng qudn T, ngdy 04/05/2009 dd thu hdi ng theo quy dinh cua phdp luat: Ld mdt phdn quydn sii dung 3.618m^ ddt dimg kinh doanh sdn xuat thdi gian lau ddi, dien tich xay dyng 3.483,6m , dien tich sir dung 4.413,4m , kdt eau tudng ggch, san be tdng cdt thep, mdi tdn, 03 tdng; tga Igc tai 839 LB thupc quyen sd huu cua dng N vd ba B. Vp chdng dng N vd ba B tidp tuc ed nghia vy lien ddi trd sd ng con thidu ciia cong ty X trong trudng hgp da xu ly xong tdi sdn thd chdp ma khdng dii tra ng cho nguyen dom".
, Tap chi S623(thangl2/2018)V_KIEMSAT I 9
NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI
Bdn an cua Tda dn c%) sa tham cd sai sdt, duong sy da cd dan khang cao dd phdn doi quyet dinh nay nhung Tda dn cap phuc tham van giir nguydn quydt dinh nay.
Trudmg hgp ndy, ndu duang sy cd don ydu cdu gidm doc tham, de bdo ve cdng ly thi se phai khang nghi, xet xir gidm ddc tham, vide thi hanh dn phdi dirng lai.
- Trong trudng hgp hgp ddng bdo ddm CO nhieu chu the tham gia bdo ddm, nhung cdc chu the bdo ddm ddc Igp vdi phdn nghia vu bdo dam, quyet dinh cua bdn an khdng lam ro trach nhiem dpc lap cua mdi chu the tham gia bao dam, ddn ddn khieu nai gay gat, quyet Udt, ca quan Thi hdnh dn khdng the xu ly tdi sdn bdo dam trong qud trinh to chiic thi hanh an.
- Trong quan he bdi thudng thiet hai, sai sdt chu yeu la quydt dinh miic bdi thudng thieu can cu, do chua thu thdp du tdi lieu, chung cu chung minh cho thiet hgi d miic bao nhidu; chua xem xdt, ddnh gid dung ldi cua mdi ben trong vide gdy ra thiet hgi hoac tuy tdi lieu, chung cu da thu thdp ca bdn la ddy du nhung Hpi ddng xdt xir ddnh gia ldi chua chinh xdc, ddn den xae dinh trdch nhiem bdi thudng chua dung.
- Trong quan he hdn nhan - gia dinh, sai sdt trong cdc bdn an, quyet dinh chii yeu la phdn phdn quyet ve tdi sdn nhu:
Xae dinh tdi sdn chung chua ddy dii, chua 1dm ro tai san ehung, tdi san rieng; phdn chia tdi sdn chung chua diing, khdng dya tren cong siic ddng gdp, khdng xem xet hoan canh cu the cua moi ben, tinh trang tai sdn de phdn chia; chia Men vat khdng hgp ly, khdng dua trdn quydn Igi ehinh dang, ciing nhu nhu cdu cap bach vd ehd d cua moi ben, nhu cdu lao dgng, sdn xudt, nghe nghiep de phan chia... Vi du:
Cd trudng hap vg chdng d ndng thdn cd nhd cdp 4 dipn tich 60m , Hgi ddng xet xir da nhdn xet dien tich nhd be, ndn chi chia hipn vat cho mgt bdn, mac du hai bdn khdng cd nhd dat, ehd d nao khde, deu cd nhu cau ve ehd d.
- Mdt trong nhung logi sai sdt Iidn quan ddn giai quydt tranh chdp bdt ddng san do Id cd mpt phdn bat dpng san nhu: Cay luu nien; trdn ddt cd nha, cong trinh nhung bdn an, quydt dinh khdng de cdp den hogc quydn su dung ddt eiia mdt ngudi, cdng trinh tren dat eiia chu the khac nhung bdn an khdng 1dm ro ranh gidi, quyen lpi cua cdc ehu thd do hoac giao quyen sir dyng ddt cho mgt ngudi nhung khdng 1dm ro gidi hgn cua ngudi sir dung ddt, khdng de cap gi ddn chii thd dang sic dung cdng trinh tren dat, ca quan Thi hdnh dn khdng biet thi hanh thd nao vd thudng cd van ban kien nghi giam ddc tham.
Trudng hgp sai 1dm nghidm trpng se bi khdng nghi khi cd duang sy yeu cau hoac kien nghi ea quan Thi hdnh dn. Do dd, de nang eao hipu qud hoat dpng thi hdnh an thi khi gap nhung trudng hgp ndy, ea quan Thi hanh an cdn thyc hidn ngay vide kien nghi, tru trudng hgp cae ben khdng yeu cau gidm ddc thdm, do cd thda thudn vdi nhau ve gidi phap khac.
Nhung ydu td cd tdc dgng tidu eye den hoat ddng thi hdnh an ndi tren dii thugc trdch nhiem eiia ca quan tdi phdn hay trdch nhiem cua ca quan Thi hdnh an deu lam can trd qud trinh thyc thi bdn an, quyet dinh, phan quydt dang cd hieu luc phdp luat, tdc dpng rat nhidu ddn hieu qua thi hdnh dn, dnh hudng ddn ehi sd thuc thi hgp ddng.
(Cdn nica).
I Tap chi
1 0 I KIEMSAT_ /So 23(thang 12/2018)
