TRAO DOI
TIM HIEU VE VI THE CUA
(JIAI CAP CON« NHAN VIET NAM HIEN NAY
ThS DANG QUANG DINH
T
rong nhung nam ddi mdi cimg vdi sir bien ddi to ldn tren tit ca cac mat eiia ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, xa hgi sir bien ddng ciia co cau xa hpi - giai cap, tac ddng ciia kinh te tiii tiudng... GCCN nude ta ciing ed nhirng tiiay ddi nhat djnh.La giai cap cd sir menh ljch sir lanh dao each mang Viet Nam, thdng qua dpi tien phong chien dau la Dang Cdng san, vi vay, trong nhiing nam ddi mdi, day manh CNH, HDH, Dang ta mdt mat ludn khang dinh vai ti-d, vj the cua GCCN, mat khac quan tam dac biet tdi viec bdi dudng GCCN tren cac mat: nang cao giac ngd ehinh tii va ban lmh chinh tri; nang cao tiinh dp van hoa va nghe nghiep theo hudng tri thirc boa cdng nhan; bao dam thuc thi phap luat lien quan den ddi sdng eiia GCCN...
Tai HNTU 6 (Khoa X), mdt lan nira Dang ta nhan manh ve vai ft-d, vi tii cua GCCN ti-ong thdi ky mdi.
Tuy nhien, de danh gia dung vj the ciia GCCN d nudc ta hien nay thi khdng ehi dimg lai d nhimg quan diem co tinh djnh budng, chi dao ma can xuat phat tii thuc te ddi sdng, tu vj ti-i, vai ti-d eua edng nhan ti-ong xa hdi, ti-ong dd tap tiung ehu yeu d nhimg khia canh sau:
' Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
Tkr nhdt, vi the cua cdng nhdn trong s& hiru tu lieu sdn xuat
Dudi che do XHCN, tu lieu san xuat ehii yeu cua xa hdi tiiudc sd hiiu toan dan, do Nha nudc dai dien quan ly. Trong cac giai cap, ting lop co ban d nudc ta hien nay, GCCN dugc coi la chu sd hiiu dich thuc tiJ lieu san xuat, bdi day la giai cap san xuat cua cai vat chat ehii yeu eho xa hdi. Tuy nhien, thuc te nhimg nam qua cho tiiay, GCCN chua tiiirc sir dugc nam quyen sd hiiu tu lieu san xuat chu yeu eua xa hdi. Ngoai tiu sd cdng nhan tap tiung d cac doanh nghiep nha nudc, tiii ve eo ban, nhiing cong nhan khu vuc ngoai nha nudc khdng cd sd him tir lieu san xuat hg la nhirng ngudi "lam thue" dich thuc, ban siie lao ddng cho nha tu ban, cho cac chii doanh nghiep tu nhan. Dieu nay da din din sir phan biet doi xir ti-ong ndi bd GCCN.
Trong nhimg nam gan day, qua tiinh co phan hoa doanh nghiep nha nudc da dugc diy nhanh. Chiing ta deu y tiiiic rang, muc tieu ciia cd phin hoa ti-ong CNXH la phuong tiiiic dat tdi sd hiiu dich tiiuc cua cdng nhan ddi vdi tiJ lieu san xuit chii ylu. Tuy nhien, tiiuc te cd phan hoa hien nay lai chua till hien dugc dieu dd; da lam xuat hien mgt mau tiiuin moi ti-ong van de sd hiiu Ur lieu san xuit ciia GCCN.
Trong cac nha may, xi nghiep dugc cd phin hoa, da
44 TAP CHl UCH S U D A N G - S O 9/2008
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so cong nhan khdng cd hoac cd rat it cd phieu. Do ddi sdng kho khan nen cdng nhan ban sd cd phieu nay cho mpt bd phan nhirng ngudi "cd tien" ben ngoai dpi ngu cong nhan. Nhiing ngudi nam giir ty le ed phieu ehi phoi da tiiao tiing sir van hanh ciia cac nha may, xi nghiep. Cong nhan khi dd khdng cd cd phan nen hg khong dugc tiiam du vao viec phan chia lgi nhuan eung nhu eac quyet sach lien quan den sir song cdn ciia nha may, xi nghiep va khdng tiJ quyet dinh dugc viee lam, tiiu nhap eiia ban tiian. Qua trinh d6 lam cho ngudi cdng nhan tii dja vi lam chu nha may lai trd thanh nhimg ngudi "lam tiiue" tiiue sir. Vi the cua GCCN cung vi tiie ma giam sut dang ke.
Thir hai. vi the trong td ehire lao ddng xd hdi Dudi che do XHCN, GCCN va ngudi lao dpng noi chung dugc phan cong lao dpng phii hgp vdi nang lire ciia minh. Tuy nhien, hien nay co mpt bp phan khong nhd cdng nhan bj mat viec lam sau qua trinh giai the, sap nhap, pha san doanh nghiep, hp phai til kiem viec lam de nudi song ban than va gia dinh, do do viec tranh chap viec lam giira cong nhan vdi eac giai cap, tang Idp khac da xay ra thudng xuyen.
Trong nhieu nha may, xi nghiep ngoai nha nudc, quan he lao ddng da cd tiiay ddi dang ke. Tinh chat cudng hire, ep buoc, bdc lot da dien ra kha phiic tap.
Hien tirgng cac chii doanh nghiep tu nhan bdc lot cong nhan bang nhieu hinh tiiirc nhu lam tiiem ca, tiiem gid, lam viec ti-ong nhimg moi tiudng lao dpng dpc hai,... da anh hudng nghiem trpng tdi sire khoe va kha nang tai san xuat sire lao ddng, vi pham quyen dugc phan cong lao ddng hgp ly cua ngudi cong nhan. Cu the, mpt sd doanh nghiep ap dung eo che lam luong tiieo san pham, vdi dinh mirc lao dpng qua cao, cdng nhan phai tang cudng dp lao dpng, keo dai tiidi gian lam viec tii 1 den ti-en 2 gid mdi hoan thanh dugc dtnh mirc lao dpng. Do vay, neu tinh ca nam, nhieu edng nhan phai lam them gid binh quan tdi 500 - 600 gid, ti-ong khi do Bp
Luat lao ddng quy djnh sd gid lam tiiem khong duge vugt qua 200 gid/nam.
Thic ba, vi thi trong phdn phdi ciia cdi xd hdi Neu tiiira nhan rang, d nudc ta, GCCN la giai cap eo ban ciia xa hpi, la giai cap san xuat cua cai vat chat ehu yeu, sd hiiu tiJ lieu san xuat chii yeu eiia xa hdi, tiii GCCN cung la giai cap dugc phan phoi cua eai xa hdi mpt each day du nhat. Tuy nhien, trong tiiuc te, viec phan phdi ciia cai, phiic Igi xa hpi cho giai cap nay lai rat tiiap. Mac dii tiidng qua nhieu hinh thiie phan phoi khac nhau, nhu:
phan phoi tiieo lao dpng, phan phoi theo miic d6ng gop, phan phoi thong qua cac chinh sach xa hpi (bao hiem xa hpi, chinh sach viec lam, chinh sach xoa doi giam ngheo, chinh sach ciiu trg xa hpi...)..., nhung tinh trang phan phoi bat hgp ly va khong cdng bang dang la noi birc xuc ldn. Tien luong, khoan thu nhap chinh cua ngudi cdng nhan hien nay rat tiiap, ehua du de tai san xuat sire lao dpng, CO sir chenh lech dang ke giira cac nganh nghe va tiianh phan kinh te khae nhau.
Theo dieu tia, co tdi 36,7% cdng nhan duge hoi, ti-a ldi CO thu nhap binh quan dudi I tiieu dong/tiiang, ehi cd 23,8% cdng nhan co thu nhap binh quan ti-en 1,5 trieu dong/thang. 0 cac doanh nghiep dan doanh cd tdi 45,9% cdng nhan co mirc thu nhap tmng binh dudi 1 trieu dong/thang. Dac biet hien nay van cdn 1,3% eong nhan co mirc thu nhap binh quan dudi 300 ngan dong/thang. Do vay, CO tdi 42,8% cdng nhan dugc hoi, ti-a ldi thu nhap khong dam bao eugc song binh thudng eua ban than va gia dinh'. Mat khae, he thong tien luong toi tiiieu ehu yeu dugc ap diing ti-ong khu vuc kinh te nha nudc, che do luong nay it cd tac dung doi vdi nhiing ngudi lao dpng thupc khu vuc ngoai nha nudc. Cd nhiing noi cong nhan c6n nhan luong tiieo kieu "ban phat", hien tirgng cup luong, cham ti-a luong, phat luong tuy tien... gay nen nhung birc xiic ldn ti-ong cong nhan.
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Jln'r tu. ve cdc qinin aia ngic&i edng nhdn Trong \ iec tiiiic hien cac chinh sach xa hdi ddi vdi cdng nhan. vi tiie lam ehu cua cdng nhan ciing khong dugc coi trgng. 0 rat nhieu nha maj'. xi nghiep (ehii yeu la khu vuc ngoai nha nudc), bien urgng khong dong bao hiem lao ddng. bao hiem xa hpi. cat tien tiiuong.... da trd tiianh pho bien.
So lieu tiiong ke dudi da>- ve so doanh nghiep cd dong BHXR BHYT. kinh phi cong doan cho ngudi lao dpng tren ca nudc cho tiiay":
{Tyle%j
Khu vuc DNNN Khu v-uc DN naoaj nha nuoc Khu Mjc CO von dau tunuDC ngoai
Nam 2001 95.57 10,49
75,48
Nam 2002 99.03 10.65
80,98
Nam 2003 99,34 22.08
87,09
0 kliu \xrc doanh nghiep ngoai nha nudc. sd cong nhan dugc dong BHXH. BHYT rat tiiap. Dieu nay phan anh tiiiic te la khong chi vi tri ciia ngudi cdng nhan khong dugc coi trpng ma cac chu doanh nghiep ar nhan da khong tiiuc tiii dimg Bp Luat lao dpng. 0 khu \irc ngoai nha nudc. tv' le cdng nhan khong dugc ky ket hgp dong lao ddng rat cao. Tham chi nhieu tiioa tiiuan ti-ong hgp ddng lao ddng cdn mang tinh hinh tiiirc. chung chung. ca biet d mpt so doanh nghiep, mpt so npi dung hai ben tiioa tiiuan cdn trai vdi quy dinh cua Bp Luat lao dpng. Nhieu tiioa udc lao dpng tap tiie. mpt trong nhirng cdng cti phap ly quan trpng de bao ve quyea lgi ieh hgp phap, chinh dang cua cdng nhaa chua dugc tiiuc hien diy du. Theo sd lieu tiiong ke. nam 2005. ca nudc cd khoang 90% sd doanli ngliiep nlia nudc da kv' tiioa udc lao dpng tap tiie. trir mpt sd doanh nghiep dang lam an tiiua 16. hoac dang chd sap xep lai. C6n ddi vdi khu virc doanh nghiep ngoai nha nudc t\' le nay chi khoang 30- 40%^
Do ddi song khd khan, nhat la d khu vuc ngoai nha nudc. cong nhan kh6ng co co hpi tiep xiic vdi cac dich vu xa hpi. hoac phai tiJ 'Triet tieu" cac nhu
ciu tiiam chi la tdi tiiieu trong eugc sdng ciia minh Khao sat cho tiiay, sd cdng nhan khdng cd bao dpc.
khdng ed tivi, tiiieu tiidng tin,... chiem ty le rat ldn Tinh trang tiiat hpc ti-ong con em cac gia dinh cdng nhan dang cd xu hudng tang len. Cdng nhan van bj coi la nhiing ngudi "lao ddng chan tay" ti-ong xa hgi.
Tai cac khu cdng nghiep. khu che xuat ehi co tii 2% - 7% cdng nhan dugc tiiue nha d do Nha nudc, doanh nghiep xay dung, cdn hon 90% cong nhan chua dugc eac doanh nghiep, dia phuong tao dieu kien ve nha d, nen phai tiiue nha d cua nhan dan. Noi d rat chat hep, khdng dam bao ve sinh, an toan.... anh hudng tiuc tiep tdi siic khoe va ddi sdng ciia cdng nhan. Tir do cung nay sinh cac te nan xa hpi tac dpng xau tdi cong nhan va trat tiJ an toan xa hpi.
Nhu vay, xet ti-en tit ea cac lmh vuc co ban ciia nen san xuat d nudc ta hien nay, vj tiie cua GCCN deu cd sir giam siit dang ke. E>k GCCN lam tron dugc sir menh ljch sir ve vang, ti-d tiianh giai cap lanh dao siJ nghiep each mang, can phai quan tam tdi viec nang cao vi tiie eua giai cap nay. Muon vay, mpt mat chung ta tiiuc hien diing sii ehi dao ciia E)ang va quan ly ciia Nha nudc, mat khac can phai tiiiic diy, tao dieu kien mgi mat cho GCCN tu vuon len, tu hoan tiiien minh de dap iing tdt hon yeu cau, nhiem vu ctia tiidi kj' mdi.
1. Theo TS Duong Van Sao (Vien Cong nhan va Cong doan Viet Nam): Bdo cdo tinh hinh va xu hu&ng bien ddng ciia giai cap edng nhdn Viet Nam trong nhiing nam ddi m&i, 11-2007
2. Tong cue tiiong ke: Thicc trgng doanh n^iep qua kit qua diiu tra nam 2002. 2003, 2004, NXB Thing ke, H 2005.tr. 89-91
3. Theo: TS Duong Van Sao (Vien Cdng nhan va Cong doan Viet Nam): Bdo cdo vi thuc trgng gbi cdp cdng niidn Viet Nam, 2005, tr. 41.
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