YEU SACH CUA NHAN DAN AN NAM

iL

YEU SACH CUA NHAN DAN AN NAM- S\i THUrC TJNH VE QUYEN DAN TOC CO BAN CUA N H A N D A N VIET NAM VA HIEN THl/C UCH SOf

• P G S , TS T R A N T H I T H U HlTONG

• T S NGUYEN THI IVIAI CHI Vien Lich su Bdng, Hoc vien Chinh tri qudcgia Ho ChiMinh

• Torn tat: Cdch ddy dung 100 ndm, Nguyin Ai Quoc thay mat Hgi nhiing ngUdi Viet Nam yiu nude tgi Pari (Phdp) gdi bdn Yeu sdch eua nhdn ddn An Nam den Hgi n^i Vecxdy. Mac du khdng dUdc chdp nhdn, nhUng bdn Yiu sdch nhU mdt "qud bom" dd ldm chdn dgng dU luan nUde Phdp. Bdy Id ldn ddu tiin trong lich sd, nhdng ngUdi din tii mgt nUdc thuoc dia ngang nhiin ddng ra ddi quyen ldi chinh ddng eho ddn tgc minh ngay tgi "chinh quod'. Tdm diem cua bdn Yiu sach ttiu trung Id cdc quyin ddn tgc cd bdn cda nhdn ddn Vtet Nam, gdm

"quyin dUdc song quy::in tti do vd quyen mUu cdu hgnh phue", quyin tti quyit eua qudcgia, ddn tgc, quyin dddc htidng tti do vd dgc lap. VUdt qua nhiiu chdng gai, thdch thiic qua cdc ehdng dUdng lieh sd, dUdi sti ldnh dgo cua Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam, nhiing quyin ddn tgc cd bdn cua nhdn dan Vtet Nam da tUngbUde dUdc hiin thiic hda, vd hiin nay danghtidng tdi mue tieu xdy dting mgt xd hgi XHCN ddn giau, nUde mgnh, ddn chu, cdng bdng vdn minh.

• TU khda: Bdn Yeu sdch cua nhdn ddn An Nam, Nguyin Ai Qudc - Ho Chi Minh.

\. Ban Yeu sach ciia nhan dan An Nam - m6iquocgia;"tatcacacdantgctrenthegi6idlu tieng chudng thirc tinh quyen dan t6c ciia cac sinh ra binh ddng, dan toe nao ciing co quy^n dan toe bi ap buc noi chung, ciia nban dan song,quylnsungstiongvaquyenhrdo".Nhung, Viet Nam noi rieng doi v6i Vi$t Nam"... hon 80 nam nay, bon thttc

Khi noi den quyin cua mot dan tpc (quoc gia} dan Phap loi dtmg la co tu do, binh ddng, bac ai, - Tuyen ngon Doc lap (2-9-1945) ciia nuoc Viet den cuop dat nuoc ta, ap biic dong bao ta. Hanh Nam Dan chti Cpng boa da n6u bat cac gia tri dpng cua chiing trai hdn voi nhdn dao va chinh binh dang giiia cac quoc gia, cac quyen co bdn nghia. Vi chinh tri, chiing tuygt doi khpng cho ciia con nguoi va ciia cac dan tpc, quyen tu quyet nhan dan ta mgt chiit tu do dan chu nap. Chiing dan tpc va quyen dugc huong dgc lap, tuchii ciia thi hanh nhiing luat phap da man. Chiing lap ba

LVLUANCHiNHTR|-So12/2019

_0

ehl dp khac nhau d Trung, Nam, Bie dl ngan can vile thdng nhat nude nha eiia ta, de ngan can dan tpc ta doin kit. Chiing lap ra nhi tii nhieu hon trudng hpc. Chiing thing tay chem gilt nhtmg ngudi ylu nude tiiuang ndi cua ta. Chiing tim cie cudc khdi nghla cua ta ttong nhung be raiu..."'".

Nhu vay, quyin ea ban cua dan tde Viet Nara ndi rilng, cua cic dan toe bi ip biic ndi ehung dd la tu do, dpc lip de cd dupe "quyen dupe sdng, quyin tu do vi quyin muu eau hanh phue", bdi vi" Dd Ii nhtrng II phai khdng ai ehdi cai dupc"'^'.

Tro lai lich su nara 1919, cic nude dl qudc tiling ttan ttong Chien ttanh thi gidi lin thii nhit [1914-1918) td chiic Hdi nghi Vecxay tai nude Phip. Tgi Hdinghi, Tdng tiidng My Woodrow Wil- son di dua ra ban Tuyen ho 14 diim, ttong dd, dilm thir 5 li" Giai quyit cdng tim nhung vin dl tiiudc dia, chieu ed eac dan tdc bin xii vi cac chinh phti". Nhin thay diy la eo hpi dl ylu eiu cae nude dl qudc thuc hien quyen cic din tpc, dicbietii cae quyin din tde coban cuaViltNam dang hi thuc din Phap tude doat, thay mat eho Hdi nhung ngudi An Nam ydu mrdc tai Phip, ngudi thanh niln ylu nude Nguyin Tit Thinh di gui ban Ydu sich cua nhan dan An Nam'^^^ den Hdi nghi Vlcxiy vdi ly do dupe viet rd: "Trong khi chd cho nguyen tic dan tdc si tu linh vuc Iy tudng chuyen vio Imh vue hiln thue do cho quyen tu quyit thieng lieng eua cac dan tdc dupe thua nhin thit su" dl ddi cic quyin tu do cho nhan dan Viet Nam (gdm tim diem'^'). Dudi ban yeu sich, Nguyin Tit Thanh ky tin: Nguydn AiQu66^\ Diy la lin diu tiln Ngudi Iiy tin Nguyin Ai Qudc.

Sau khi giii bin Ydu sach, Nguyin Ai Qude da thui in 6.000 td dudi dang truyin don bing tiing Phip de phan phit cho mpi ting ldp ttong xa hpi Phip, ei vdi Vilt kilu va binh hnh Viet Nam dang sdng dPhip. Ngudi edn td chiic diln ca bin Yeu sich bing chu Qude ngii de Viet kilu dl nhd va

de hilu ve nhiing yeu sich chinh ding ciia din tdc Viet Nara.

Tuy cudc van ddng diu ttanh ddi cie nude tham du Hdi nghi Vecxay ban harih mdt sd quyen din tdc ca ban cho nhin din Viet Nam khdng tiiinh cdng, nhung ban Ylu sich thuc su Ii mdt tieng chudng thiic tinh ve quyin dan tpc, tic ddng siu sic din chinh trudng d Phap va Viet Nam eung nhu ddi vdi cac dan toe bi ip biic tten thi gidi. Ngay 18-6-1919, bio Nhan dao (L'Humanite) cua Ding Xi hpi Phip, ding tai ban Ydu saeh vdi nhan dl: "Quyen eae din tdc". Tren bao Tin tiic thupc dia, sd ra ngiy 27-6-1919, nhi bio Phip Davila ttong bii"Gid'phurjighi^m trpng" di vilt:

"Lim sao mpt ngudi din thudc dia Igi cd thi dung ban ylu sich ciia nhin dan dl cdng kich Chinh phu Phip. That li qui quit. Cii theo da nay thi bpn din thudc dia si Iln ngang hang vol ngudd Phip chiing ta va sdm ttd thinh dng chii cua chting ta. Khdng dupe, phai kira giir chung rail mii ttong vdng nd le". Chinh quyen thupc dia d Ddng Duong di bio eao gui Bd Thudc dia:

"Nguyen Ai Qudc tiic Nguyen Tit Thinh, ngudi da cd rait ttong vu chdng thue d mien Trung ttong nira 1908; sau dd di d bin Anh trudc khi din Phip... O Ddng Duong da coi Nguyin Tit Thinh nhu li mdt tin philn loan nguy hilm"'^'.

Ban Ydu sich eua nhan dan VietNam di tic ddng siu sic, lim thiic tinh tinh thin ylu nude ciia nhfing ngudi Viet Nam: "Ten tudi cua Nguyin Ai Qudc dupe trong nude bilt din Ii cd thi vao dip niy. Mic diu ban Yeu ciu tam dilra chua ddi hdi ^ nhilu ban rapt each ding ke so vdi nhiing dilu rai Phan Chiu Trinh di ddi hdi tii trude, Nhung viec dua mdt bin Ylu eiu nhu thi ra trudc rapt hdi nghi qudc tl dl dinh thiic su ehu y cua the gidi ddi vdi vin dl Viet Nara, la mdt vile Iam het siic khdn kheo. Nhin dan ttong nude dinh gii cao hmh thiie diu tranh mdi me

LYLUANCHINHTRI-S0I2 2

NHANVAT-SI/KIIN

niy. Tin Nguyin Ai Qudc nhu radt inh sing, mdt nilm hy vpng ehpt le Idi ttong bau ttdi den diim"''''. Mpt ngudi Viet khi dd dang sdng d Pari di nhd lai: Ngudi Phip coi cupc diu ttanh dd la mpt "qui bom" lim chan ddng du luin nude Phap. Cdn ngudi Viet Nam cho dd li tiing sam miia Xuan. Tieng sam iy di xua tan min suong mil viy bpc chiing tdi, lim nay sinh nhiing mim nim sau trong long ehiing tdi. Ngudi minh ra ngoii kilm in, ndi chung ylu nude, mong nude ddc lip. Biy gid ngay tai Thu dd nude Phip, ttln diln din qudc te cd rapt ngudi Viet Nara ngang nhien diing ra ddi quyen lpi chinh ding cho dan tde nunh, duluan thi gidi xdn xao bin tin ai mi khdng kinh, khdng phuc. DO iy, ngudi minh d Phip gap nhau diu ndi dde lip, tu quyet, diu ndi den Nguyin Ai Qudc. Chinh cii ten Nguyin Ai Qudc, ban than nd cd siic hip din ky la"'^'.

Tu tudng ve quyen din tdc (qudc gia) Viet Nam tir ban Ydu sieh cua nhin din An Nam da timg budc dupe hiln thuc hda trong qua trinh cich mang. Chinh vi thi, ci din tdc trudc bet di dung Iln dau tranh de nude Viet Nara la mdt nude dde lap, cd chu quyin, la mdt khdi thdng nhit vi toin ven lanh thd, khdng thi chia cat, raoi edng din Viet Nam cd quyen, nghia vu bao vl Td qude, nhu cic ban Hien phip cua nude Viet Nam Din ehii Cdng hda trudc diy va cua nude Cdng hda xi hdi chii nghia Viet Nam ngiy nay diu di khing dinh.

2. Qua trinh tirng birdc hiln thyc hda quyen dan tpc CP ban cua nhan dan Viet Nam trong tien trinh Uch sir dan toe

- I4t dd chinh quyin thudc dia, thinh lip chhih quyin cich mang di thuc hign quyin ca bin cda din tdc Vi$tNam

Sau cupe van ddng diu ttanh cho nhiing ylu sach cua nhin din An Nara khdng thinh cdng, Nguyin Ai Qudc nhin thiic diy du ban vl bin

ehit ciia chu nghla thuc dan, nhimg ldi Ie hda bmh chi li nhung ttd rai din "bip bpm" vi tir do xac dinh con dudng de dan tpc Viet Nam cd quyin hudng tu do vi dpc lap. Sau niy, Trin Din Tiln viet: "Dupe nhimg su that iy ren luyen, dng Nguyin hieu ring nhimg Idi tuyen bd tu do eiia cae nhi chinh tti tu ban ttong Iiic chien ttanh that ra ehi li nhung Idi dudng mat dl lira bip cic din tdc. Va mudn dupe giii phdng, eic din tde ehi cd the ttdng ciy vio minh, ttdng ciy vio luc lupng cua ban than minh"'^'. Do viy, sau khi bit gap con dudng ciiu nude dung din, nim 1923, Ngudi di vilt Thu gui cac ban cCmghoat ddng a Phip: "Ddi vdi tdi, ciu tta Idi di rd ring:

ttd vl nude, di vio quin chiing, thiic tinh ho, td chiie hp, doan ket hp, huin luyen hp, dua hp ra dau tranh giinh tu do dde lap"""'.

De thue hien quyen ddc lip, tu do cua dan tdc, khdng chi di tip hpp, thiie tinh eie lue lupng tten thi gidi ed "miu sd ehung", cd "diera tuong ddng" trong bio "Ngudi cling khd" (nim 1921), rai Nguyin Ai Qudc da tuyen in ehu nghia thuc din vdi cudn "Ban an chidd thuc dan Phip"

dupe xuat ban tai Pari nim 1925'^". Diy li lin diu tiln trong lich su cie din toe thupc dia cd mpt ngudi den tir rapt nude dang hi "chinh qude" Phip xira lupe va eai tri, dim tuyen in chii nghia thue din, bdc ttan ban chit cua eai gpi la "di khai hda van minh" cho eie dan tde Igc hiu. Ngudi di nhan thiic rd, dl cd dupe nhiing quyin ca bin eua din tde "khdng cd eon dudng nio khac ngoii con dudng cich mang vd sin" vi mudn lam cich mang thi tnrde bet cin phai cd ding cieb raang, de "trong thi van dpng quin chiing, ngoii thi dl liln lac vdi cic dan tdc hi ip birc vi vd sin giai cap khip mpi noi". Sau mdt qui trmh nd Iuc diy chu dpng, sing tao, Nguyin Ai Qudc di truyin bi chii nghia Mic- Lenin vio Viet Nam. Khi cic td chiie edng sin hinh thinh

LYLUAN CHfNH TRI-S612/2019

m

d ba ky, diu nam 1930 "Vdi tiJ eich Ii phai viln eiia Qudc tl Cdng san cd day dii quyin quyet dinh mpi vin dl Uen quan den phong trio each mang 6 Ddng Duong, tdi (Nguyin Ai Qudc) ndi cho hp biet nhung sai Iam vi hp phai Iam ^. Hp ddng y thdng nhat vao mdt ding. Chiing tdi cimg nhau xic dinh cuong linh vi ehiln lupc theo dudng ldi ciia Qudc te Cdng sin" "2'. Cuang hnh chinh tri diu tiln do linh tu Nguyin Ai Qudc soan thao, dupe Hpi nghi thdng qua li bin tuyIn ngdn chinh tri chinh thiic diu tiln ctia Ding Cdng sin Viet Nam ve quyin dan tdc. Trong dd,

"Ding phd biln khau hieu "Viet Nam tu do" vi ddng thdi Ding hen kit vdi nhiing dan tpc bi ap biic vi quin chiing vd sin ttln thi gidi nhat la vdi quan ehiing vd sin Phip""^' dl thuc hien:

"VI phuong dien chinh tri: a) Dinh do dl qude eh^ nghia Phip vi bpn phong kiln, b) Lira cho nude Nara dupe hoan toin ddc lap..."'"'.

Khi tinh the each mang eiia Vilt Nam xuit hien, lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qudc di vl nude true tilp linh dao each mang Viet Nam. Thing 5-1945, Ngudi chu tri Hdi nghi Trung uong 8. Tai Hdi nghi, dudng Idi giii phdng din tOc dupe hoin chmh, quyin ea ban ctia din tde Viet Nam di dupe khing djnh: "Trong luc niy nlu khdng giai quyit dupe vin de din tdc giai phdng, khdng ddi dupe ddc lap, tu do eho toan the din tdc, thi ching nhiing toin till qudc gia din tdc cdn ehiu mil kilp ngua ttiu, raa quyin Ipi eiia bd phin, giai eip den van nam cung khdng ddi lai dupc""^.

Hdi nghi cdn xac dinh rd: "Dd la nhiem vu cua Ding ta ttong vin dl dan tde. Mdt dilu thu hai niia li da ndi din vin de dan tdc tiie Ii di ndi din su tu do dde lap eiia mdi din tde tiiy theo y mudn cua mdi din tde. Ndi nhu thi nghia la sau liic danh dudi Phip - Nhat, ta phil tiii hanh dung chinh sieh "din tdc tu quyit" cho dan tdc Ddng Duong. Cic dan tde sdng tren cdi Ddng Duong

si tuy tiieo y mudn, td chirc tiiinh lien bang cdng hda din chii hay diing rieng thanh mdt dan tde qude gia tuy y. Mdt ehinh phii edng hda manh ban khdng cd quyen bit cie dan tde nhd yeu tiiin theo ehinh saeh nunh va tiiam gia ehinh phii minh vi eic din tde thilu sd eung khdng phii bit budc theo eic din tdc da so vi manh. Vin hda eua mdi din tde si dupe tu do phat trien tdn tai, tieng me de ciia cic dan tdc si dupe tu do phit tiiln, tdn tai va duoc bao dim.

Su tu do dde lip cua cae dan tdc si dupe thira nhin vi coi trpng. Nlu cac dan tpc nhd mudn ciing dan tdc Idn thinh lip Uln bang din chii to Idn, do khdng phai la mdt su bit budc mi la mdt su tiiy y mudn ctia nhin din ttong xii""^'.

Khi thdi ca cich mang din, Thu kdu ggi Tdng ihding/iia: "Hdi ddng bio ylu quy! Gidquylt dinh cho van menh dan tdc ta di den. Toan qudc ddng bao hiy dung diy dem siie ta raa tu giai phdng eho ta. Nhieu dan tdc bi ap hue ttln thi gidi dang ganh nhau tiln budc giinh quyin ddc lip. Chiing ta khdng till chim ttl""^. Tii dd, cd dupe thinh qua cua Caeh mang ThingTam nam 1945, thay ddi ea van menh cua din tdc, thay ddi ci thin phin ciia ngudi din Viet Nam. Bin Tuyen ngdn Ddc lap (2- 9-1945), Chii tieh HdChi Minh ditiiyenbd vdi till gidi: "Nude Vilt Nam cd quyin hudng tu do va dpc lip, vi sy that da thanh rapt nude tu do ddc lip.

Toin thi din tdc Vilt Nam quyit dera tit ea tinh thin va luc lupng, tinh mang vi ctia cai dl giii vOng quyin tu do, ddc lip iy""^'.

-Khi da cdchhih quyin cich mang, toin thi dan 0c Vi$tNam quyitdem titci tinh thin vi 1^ loQng, tinh m^ng vi cua cii di 0Q vUng quyin tijdo vi d0cl$p

Tuy nhiln, ehi ba tuan sau khi giinh dupe doe lip, ngay 23-9-1945, thuc din Phip dudi suhd ttp cua quin Ddng mmh Anh da nd sung xira lupe Vilt Nam tai Nam Bd. Nhan dan Nam Bp bupc

LVLUAN C H 1 N H T R I - S 6 1 I ' " "

i^

phai cim siing de bio vl quyin chinh ding ciia dan tdc Viet Nam. Vdi kbit vong hda binh, mong mudn giai quyet cic cudc ttanh chap bing giai phap thuong lupng, Dang vi Chu tieh Hd Chi Minh da di den chap nhan Hiep dinh Sobd (6-3- 1946). Trong Hilp dinh Sabd, "Nude Phip cdng nhan nude Cdng hda Dan ehu Viet Nam la rapt nude til do cd ba ky..., diing ttong khdi Lien blip Phip""''. Nhuvay, Hilp dinh nay mdi ehi edng nhin tinh thing nhit (li rapt qudc gia tu do}, nhung van chua cdng nhin nen ddc lap eua Viet Nam, mi edn bi ring budc vdi nude Phip. Tuy nhien, dilu khoan niy khdng dupe thuc dan Phip thuc hien. Chiing lip ra Chinh phu Nam Ky tu tri, am muu tich Nara Ky khdi Vilt Nam. Sau Tam udc 14-9-1946, thuc din Phip bdi udc, dudi su linh dgo ciia Chii tich Hd Chi Minh vi Trung uong Dang, nhin din ci nude phai tilp tue cam Sling dl bao vl quyin tu do, dde lip ciia din tdc da dupe xac lip tii Cich ragng Thing Tira nara 1945. Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh di klu goi "Hdi ddng bao toin qudc. Chiing ta raudn hda binh. Chiing ta phai nhin nhuong. Nhung chiing ta cing nhin nhuong thue din Phip cing lin tdi vi ehiing quyit tam cudp nude ta lan nua! Khdng! Chiing ta thi hy sinh tit ci, chir nhit dinh khdng chiu rait nude, nhit dinh khdng chiu lam nd 11"'^"'.

Ca din tdc Viet Nam da budc vio eude khing chiln trudng ky, vdi quyet tim thuc hiln ldi the ttong Tuydn ngdn Dde lip. Cudc tiln cdng chiln lupe Ddng - Xuin 1953 -1954 raa dmh cao li chiln dich Diln Bien Phu di dua den viec ky kit Hiep dinh Gionevo nira 1954 ve Ddng Duong.

Hilp djnh Gionevonara 1954 vl Ddng Duong da budc cie nude phai cdng nhin cic nude tham du hdi nghi phai cara ket tdn ttpng cic quyin din tdc ea ban ciia ba nude Ddng Duong li ddc lap, ehu quyin, thdng nhit vi toan ven linh thd, khdng can thiep vio cdng viec ndi bd eua cic

nude. Hilp dmh di edng nhan day dii cac quyen din tde ea bin eiia Viet Nam nhir cim dua quan dpi, nhin viln quin su vi vu khi nude ngoai vao eae nude Ddng Duong vi nhin din Viet Nam se tiln tdi thdng nhat bing cudc tdng tuyen cii tu do ttong ci nude...

Tuy nhien, ngay sau Hiep dinh Gionevo, dl qude My da dit Viet Nara ttong ehiln lupc toin ciu phan each ragng, dung Iln chinh quyin Ngd Dinh Diem d miln Nam, thuc hien im muu chia cit lau dai dit nude Viet Nam. Quyen ddc lap, tu do, tiidng nhit eiia dan tdc Viet Nam mpt Ian niia bi Iuc lupng ngoai bang xam phara. Sir nghiep each mang dan tdc din chii ttln ca nude chua dupe hoan tiianh, quyen din tde coban cua nhan dan Viet Nam chua dupe edng nhan. Vi vay, nhin din Viet Nam bupc phii tien hinh mdt cudc chien ttanh cich mang. Die bilt, khi de qudc My leo thang ehien ttanh Viet Nam vdi chiln lupc chien tranh cue bd, dua quin My true tilp vio mien Nam, dua hai quin vi khdng quin dinh phi miln Bic, ngay 17-7-1966, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da raldi klu gpi: "Chiln tranh cd till keo dii 5nam, 10nam,20namhoaclauhonniia.HiNdi, Hii Phdng vi mpt sd thinh phd, xi nghilp cd the hi tin phi, song nhan dan Viet Nam quyit khdng sp! Khdng cd gi quy ban dpc lip, tu do. Den ngiy thing Ipi, nhin dan ta si xay dung lai dat nude ta ding hoing hon, to dep hon!"'^". Trong bai tha chiic Tet nim 1969, Ngudi diklu goi: "Vi dde lap, vi tu do, Danh eho My cut, dinh eho nguy nhio.

Tien len! Chiln si, ddngbio, Bic - Nam sum hpp, Xuin nio vui hon!"'^'. Trong "Thu tta ldi Tdng tiidng My R. Nixon", ngiy 25-8-1969, Hd Chi Minh mong mudn vdi tiiien chi cua ci hai bin,

"ed thi di tdi nhiing cd ging chung dl tim mdt giii phip dling din cho van de Viet Nam" ttln co sd "My phai chim dut ehiln tranh xim luoc vi nit quin ra khdi miln Nara Viet Nam, tdn trong

LYLUAN CHlNHTR!-So 12/2019

_li

quyin tii quyit eiia nhan din miln Nam va dan tdc Vilt Nam, khdng cd su can thiep ciia nude ngoai"'^'. Budc My phai thue hien "tdn ttpng quyin tu quyet eua nhin din miln Nam vi dan tpc Viet Nam", quan va din ca nude da quyit tim

"tim eich dinh My, tim eich thing My", sin sing xi thin vi nen ddc Igp, thdng nhat ctia din tdc.

Hilp dinh Pari (1-1973) ve chim diit ehiln ttanh, lip lai hda binh d Viet Nam bupc Hoa K^' vi cic nude cam kit tdn ttpng dpc lip, ehii quyen, tiidng nhit vi toin ven linh thd eiia Viet Nam: "...tdn ttpng eac quyin dan tdc ea ban (Dieu 1), tdn ttpng quyen tu quyit ciia nhin dan miln Nam Viet Nam ff)ilu 9); Hoa Ky khdng tiep tuc dmh hu quan su, khdng can thiep edng vile npi bd miln Nam Viet Nam (Dilu 4), nhin din miln Nara \^et Nam tu quyet dinh tuong lai chinh tri eua hp, thdng qua tdng tuyen cu tu do, khdng cd su can thi|p cua nude ngoai"'^^'.

Hilp dinh Pari 1973 Ii mdt budc tien mdi ttong vile gianh quyin din tdc ea ban eua nhin din Viet Nam, la thing Ipi cd y nghia chien lupc hoin thinh nhiem vu "danh eho My cut", lam so sinh iuc lupng tten chiln trudng cd lpi cho cich mang Viet Nam. Khi thdi ca din, tiln hanh cudc Tdng tiln cdng va ndi day raiia Xuin 1975 mi dinh cao li Chiln dich Hd Chi Minh, giai phdng hoan toin miln Nam, hoin thinh su nghi$p tiidng nhit Td qudc. Thing lpi mua Xuin nim 1975 da dua den quyen din tdc coban cua Viet Nara dupe thuc hiln ttpn ven.

- Thi;chi$n quyin din t0c cabin cda nhan din Vi$tNam trongbdi cinh m6ihi$n nay

Khi dit nude hda bmh, thdng nhit, ddc lap, ci nude tiln hanh xay dung CNXH, li thdi dilm toin Ding, toan din thuc hien tara nguyen eua Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh ttong Di cbdc: "Dilu raong mudn eudi ciing cua tdi la: Toin Ding, toin din ta doan kit phin diu, xay dung mdt nude Vilt

Nam hda binh, thdng nhit, dde lap, din ehii vi giiu ragnh, va gdp phin xiing dang vio su nghiep cich mgng till gidi"'^'. Trude bdi cinh tmh hmh qudc te cd nhilu diin bien phiic tap. Ding xic dinh vin kiln dinh chu nghia Mie - LInm va tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh la nen tang tu tudng, kun ehi nam cho hinh ddng cich mang. Van dung sing tao hpc thuyet cich mgng khoa hpc vi tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vao thuc tiin Viet Nam ttong dilu kien lich su mdi. Ding Cdng san Viet Nam da xie dinh mue tilu ddc lip din tde vi CNXH de thuc hiln quyin dan tpc ca ban ciia nhin dan Viet Nam, de xiy dung rapt xi hdi XHCN dan giiu, nude manh, din ehu, cdng bing, vin minh. Ddng thdi, dua cich mang Viet Nam hda ehung vio ddng ehay eua cich ragng thi gidi. Do vay, ttr Dai hdi Vll (1991), Dang xic dinh: "Vdi ehmh sich ddi ngoai rad rdng, chiing ta tuyen bd ring: Viet Nam mudn la ban vdi tit ci cic nude ttong cpng ddng the gidi, phan diu vi hda binh, ddc lap vi phit tnln"'^^'. Bude sang die ky XXI, Dai hdi DC cua Dang (2001) da xic dinh: "Thuc hien nhit quin dudng ldi ddi ngoai ddc lip tu ehii, rdng md, da phirong hda, da dang hda eic quan he qudc te.

Viet Nam sin sang la bgn, la ddi tie tin cay eiia cie nude ttong cdng ddng qudc tl, phin diu vi hda binh, ddc lip vi phit trien...tiep tuc giu viing mdi tiudng hda binh va tao eie dilu kiln qudc tl thugn lpi de day mgnh phit trien kinh tl - xi hdi, cdng nghilp hda, hiln dai hda dit nude, xiy dung va bao ve Td qudc, bio dira ddc lip vi chii quyin qudc gia, ddng thdi gdp phan ti'eh cue vio eude diu ttanh ehung eua nhin dan the gidi vi hda binh, dde lap dan tpc, din chii va tiln bd xihOi"'^.

Sau hon 30 nira ddi mdi dit nude. Ding Cdng sin Viet Nam xic dinh ngay cing rd quyen dan tpc ca ban cila nhin dan Viet Nam trong tdng the mdi quan he vdi each raang ciia thi gidi, phii hpp vdi xu thi phat triln ciia nhin loai vi kbit

LYLUAN CH(NHTRI-Sol2'"'^"'

iL

vpng ciia n h i n d i n Viet Nara do la: Bao dam Ipi ich qude gia - dan tdc, ttln ca sd cie nguyen tic CO ban ciia luit p h i p qudc te, binh ding v i eiing cd lpi, thuc hiln nhat quin dudng Idi doi ngoai dde lap, tu chu, hda binh, hpp tic v i phit trien;

da dang hda, da phirong hda trong quan he ddi ngogi; ehii ddng va tt'ch cue hdi nhap quoe tl; l i bgn la ddi tic tin eay v i t h i r ± viln cd trich nhiem cua cdng ddng qudc te,... nhim "phue vu muctilugiirvung mdi trudng hda bmh, dndinh, ttanh diii toi da cic nguon lire b i n ngoai de phit triln dat nude, nang cao ddi sdng n h i n din;

ning cao vi thi, uy tin ciia dit nude va gdp phan vao su nghiep hda binh, ddc lip d i n tdc, dan chu vi tiln bd x i hdi ttln t h i gidi"'^^n

(1), (2) DCSVN: Van kien Ding Toin tap, t.7, Nxb Chinh ui qudc gia. Ha Npi, tt.437,437.

(3) Ddng chi Vu Ky vl su kiln nay theo Idi cua Bic:

"Ban yeu sach 8 diem gui Hpi nghi Vecxiy la do hai cu Phan (Phan Chiu Trinh va Phan Van Trudng) viet. Hai cu cd hoi minh co thim y kien gi khdng? Khdng phai do minh vilt dau. Luc do minh viet sao ndi mac dau ban do ky ten la Nguyen Ai Qudc, sau do ttd thanh ten hoat ddng cua minh". Dan theoThu Trang: AT] unghoat dpng ctia Phan Chiu Trinh tai Phap 191 l-1925,NxbVm nghe Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, 2000, tr.l25.

{4)Tamdllm: l.Anxa toan the chinh tri pham Viet Nam; 2. Cai each nin tu phap Dong Duong dl cho mpi ngudi Viet Nam cting dupe dam bao ve mat phap ly nhu ngudi Au, bd hin tda an die biet vi do la cdng oil de khung bdva dan ap nhung nguoi Viet Nam luong thien; 3. Tu do ngdn luan va bao chi; 4.

Tu do hdi hop va lap hpi; 5. Tu do cu tru d nude ngoai va tu do ra nude ngoai; 6. Tu do hpe tap va mo cac trudng ky thuat va chuyin nghi|p cho

ngudi ban xu; 7. Thay the che dp sic lenh bing ehl do luat phap; 8. Biu ra dai di|n thudng true eua ngudi Vilt Nam d ben canh Qudc hpi Phap, d l trinh bay nguyen vong ciia ngirdi Viet Nam.

(5) Theo Tran Dan Tien:" Ykiln dua ra ylu ciu do dng Nguyin de ra nhung lai do luat su Phan Van Trudng viet, vi Iiic bay biy gid dng Nguyen chua vilt dupe tieng Phip". Nhung miu chuyen vi ddi hoat ddng cua Hd Cbu tich, Nxb Su tiiat. Hi Ndi, 1975, tt.29.

(6), (7) Din theo Thu Trang: NhOng boat ddng cua Phan Chau Trinh tai Phip 1911-1925, Nxb Van Nghe tiiinh phd Hd Chi Minh, tt.137-138,139.

(8) Vu Anh: Bic Hd (Hdi ky), Nxb Van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1960, tt.72.

(9) Trin Dan Tiln: Nhting miu chuydn vidai boat dgng cua Ho Chu tich, Nxb Van hpc. Ha Ndi, 1970, tr.30.

(10) Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap, 1.1, Nxb Chinh tii qudc gia,HaNoi,2011,tt.209.

(11) Viet bing tiing Phap, xuat ban lin diu tiln tai Pari (Phap) nam 1925, xuit ban lin diu d Viet Nam nam 1946.

(12), (13), (14) Hd Chi Minh: Toin tip, t.3, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2011, tt. 13,4,1.

(15), (16), [17), (18) DCSVN: Vin kien Ding Toan tap, t.7, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Hi Ndi, 2000, tt.l 13, 114,418,437.

(19), (20)DCSVN:VanizenDangroan(ap,t8, tt.48,160.

(21), (22), (23), (25} H6 Chi Minh: Toin t$p t.l5, tt.l31, 531-532, 603,624.

(24) Bl Ngoai giao; Ngoai giao Viet Nam (1945- 2000), Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Npi, 2002, tt. 264.

(26) DCSVN: Van kidn Dai hoi dai biiu toan qudc On thii VII, Nxb S\rtiiit, Ha Ndi, 1991, tt.l47.

(27) DCSVN: Van kien Dal hdi dai biiu toan quoc Ian (huK, Nxb Chinhtriqudc gia, HaNpi, 2001, tt.I19-120.

{28} DCSVN: Van kidn Dai hdi dai biiu toan quoc lan thuXII, Van phdng Trung uong Dang, Ha Ndi, 2016, tt.34-35.

LYLUANCHINHTR1-S612/2019